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7 changed files with 155 additions and 76 deletions

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package-lock.json generated
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@ -12,8 +12,8 @@
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@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
---
title: 英语是活的——答网友英语学习提问
slug: english-in-use
date: 2024-10-16 20:47:12
updated: 2024-10-16 20:56:24
tags:
- 学习
category: 杂谈
summary: 于我们成年人而言,虽已不能像儿童一样掌握一门外语,但是我们可通过“使用”的方式来习得英语。
cover: /images/2024/10/2024101621070600.jpg
---
![司書のお姉さん - 空鐘](/images/2024/10/2024101621015100.jpg)
## 网友来信
你好,我是你的粉丝,我有一个问题很痛苦,就是我的英语问题。我的英语很差,甚至水平只停留在 26 个英文字母和少量常见的简单词汇。我无法记住这些长的单词和繁琐的语法,可能上一秒记住了,下一秒就会忘记。而且在使用语法时,我经常记不得这些语法该如何用。我也在网上找过办法,我尝试过每天早上都重复温习一些单词。但是反复的遗忘让我很难受,我无法接受我记不住这些东西的事实。我在高等数学中很轻易能记住一些公式,也能很简单地记住一些题的解题方法,这证明我的记忆力和智商没有问题。我无论尝试任何办法,最后都是以失败告终。所以我想向你请教一下,你是如何学习英语的?有什么建议吗?非常感谢。
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## 邮件回复 - 英语是活的
你好:
很高兴收到你的来信,回复得并不及时,还请见谅。关于英语学习的问题,我相信这是很多人常见的困扰。我们常常付出了比其他国家的人更多的努力,但在英语这门学科上总是觉得学不好。在看你的提问时,我注意到了几个细节,这几个细节还挺有意思,也是我想提醒你的。
语言是为了满足日常交流、思想传递等需求而诞生的B 站有一个名为[《语言起源之谜,人类的语言来自哪里?语言又是如何诞生?》](https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1g21XYpEsb/)的视频,里面提到了语言诞生的一种假说。通过观察我宝宝的学语阶段,我能明显发现,她首先是学会一些简单的字词,尤其是以简单元音为基础的发音。接着,宝宝开始模仿你说话,先是复述,再根据她的理解进行加工,来观察你的反应。通过和身边的人学话,最后进行较为初级的语言表达,慢慢加入逻辑和因果假设,这就是我们常说的“咿呀学语”。
现代语言学家在研究非母语学习时,提出了一个名为“二语习得论”的假说,这个过程大体上和母语学习类似,参考[这篇文章](https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/GdH9YnTC86JhGE_iDBw8Rg)了解更多。我们发现这个过程分为两个部分:习得和学得。儿童在语言黄金期时,通过“大量输入”能够轻松习得另一门语言。对于成年人来说,虽然不能像儿童那样轻松习得外语,但我们有更强的理解能力和逻辑思维能力,所以需要另辟蹊径。
那就是,通过“使用”的方式,而不是通过“学习”的方式来学习英语,**English in USE**。
### 语音优于文字
语音是语言的关键基础,任何一门语言,首先都是通过听说来构建基本的语言感知。我们在中小学学英语时,往往以读写为基础,先教单词,告诉你意思,然后死记硬背单词的拼写。接下来是课文一篇篇地学习,扣语法细节。这其实是一种 **hard way**。语言是活的,对话是最灵活的使用场景。首先要多听、多讲,跟着复述并尝试加工,越日常、场景越贴近生活的对话练习越好。这也是为什么很多人在国外旅游或生活一段时间后,语言能力有极大提升的核心原因,因为你在不断地听说,并且用起来了。
### 正确听说
听说是基础,但听对说对很难。最近家长们常常抱怨 2024 年后的英语教材很难,不教音标,但其实这反而是一种改进。音标本质上是符号化的元音和辅音表述习惯,这是一种语音学概念。现在如果我们去问一个讲普通话的人,请问汉语里面有多少辅音和元音,绝大多数人可能回答不上来,或者只能说出 a、o、e、i、u、ü 等几个有限的元音。我们虽然不知道具体的元音辅音,但通过拼音学习,基本能掌握汉字的普通话发音,这得益于我们从儿童时期开始的听力训练,也得益于我们能正确听出平舌音、翘舌音等发音区别。
因此,音标的学习并非必要,真正必要的是正确发音。很多人推崇自然拼读法,但它的覆盖面有限,核心还是正确掌握英语元音和辅音的发音。对于母语是英语的人,他们自然通过家长和老师学习“英语拼音”来掌握发音,而我们作为汉语母语者,只能借助音标来学习“美音”或者“英音”。
英语发音和汉语不同,母语的熟练掌握会直接影响我们学习英语,最明显的就是发音问题。对于成年人来说,系统性的语音学习尤其重要,比如英语中的长元音、短元音、双元音和辅音。可以像我们学习汉语拼音一样,一个一个音去纠正发音。学习英语中,如果有条件,可以请外教帮助纠正发音。如果没有条件,自学的话,可以录下自己的发音,与标准发音对比。尤其需要注意的是,英语的每个音是如何发出的,是通过嘴唇、舌头、小舌、声带,还是鼻腔、口腔发音。在能够正确听出发音的基础上,再去正确发音非常必要。
发音、朗读和对话练习是不可少的。成年人可以使用一些商务英语、生活英语等具体场景的对话材料来练习。不断地练习,并尝试用英语表达自己想说的话。从能正确听出并发出每个音素,到能正确拼读单词,再到读出单词重音,最后到整句整句地说话。随着语音语调的掌握,最终你会有表达能力上的提升。
听说是所有语言学习的基础,像建造高楼的地基,地基是否牢固直接影响之后的学习成果。学习听说时,初期可能没有语法教得那么正确,但这并不是大问题。初期的练习目标是肌肉记忆和听力训练,能够流利地说、正确地听。后期再结合语法知识,去纠正自己的表达。
### 背单词?
我学英语时,老师常说,得单词者得天下。的确,拥有大量词汇且记忆力好的人在英语学习中会更受益。但需要注意的是,常用单词其实不多。如果你经历过九年义务教育、高中和大学,并能通过六级考试,那么按照我国的教学大纲,你的词汇量至少在 4000 多个。这 4000 多个词基本属于英语的常用词汇。根据《词行天下》的说法,英语的核心词汇不多,大约 250 词、3000 词、5000 词分别对应不同频率的常用词。250 词主要是介词等“虚词”属于相当重要的语法成分3000 词和 5000 词则包括了常用的形容词、名词等,属于表义成分。但要进行交流需要 17000 词,考试则需要 20000 词左右,因为在英语语料库中不高频的词有时也是句子的关键成分。我想,你现在背单词的痛苦,可能也是因为这些。
我们在整个学生生涯中努力学习,毕业后“掌握”了 4000 多个词但这些词我们真的掌握了吗我们可能是通过拼读和死记硬背记住了单词比如“catc-a-tcat猫。”但由于日常没有英语场景这些单词时间一长就还给老师了。关于单词学习漏屋老师的方法总结为一句话高频词多义多变形注重发音不能死记硬背低频词适合背并在使用中强化记忆。更详细的内容可以阅读《词行天下》和《词霸天下》。
我个人建议通过阅读来提升词汇量。现在有一种词汇掌握量的评估标准叫蓝思值,你可以先测试自己的蓝思值,选择符合蓝思值的分级读物,逐步通过阅读练习来提升词汇量。这一类书的核心在于,书中的高频词是你现阶段可以掌握的词汇,阅读难度适合且情节有趣。
书面英语和口语英语的高频词差别很大,学术类英语又是另一块领域。你可以根据自己的目标选择词汇方向,选择自己有兴趣的领域去积累。你也可以通过英语场景去强化某个领域的词汇,比如旅游、看电影、谈恋爱、商务英语、儿童英语等。找个好玩的目标,也许能帮你轻松记住更多单词。像牛津高阶这样的学习词典,也会使用 OPAL 会把高频词分为口语词汇,写作词汇等。
### 学语法?
语法当然重要,但并不是全部。在日常交流中,你可能表达得不够规范,语法也可能不完全正确,但对方依然能理解你的意思。然而,长期这样下去可能会影响你的语言思维和能力发展。对于语法学习,对于语法学习,我建议首先忘记一切以前学过的语法知识,不要按照传统的名词、介词、副词等顺序去学了。
语法的学习,归根结底还是要回到它的起源,语言是活的,本身就没有一个严密的规律。所谓的语法,更多的是对常见且广为接受的共同表达习惯,尤其是文学作品等内容的规则话总结。比如,我问你,汉语有几种词?名、动、形、数、量、代、副、介、连、助、叹、拟声,你能答出来几个。实际上,你不知道这些语法知识并不影响你说汉语,甚至汉语的顺序并不影响阅读。
汉语如此,是因为我们作为汉语的使用者,通过阅读、通过听说、知道该去如何表达,这也是母语使用者先天的优势,但这并不是一蹴而就的。按照前面的《二语习得论》,幼儿在经过语言沉默期(纯听为主)后,进入的就是语法干扰期,通过犯错和纠错来慢慢形成第二语言的表达能力,并在学术提高期里面进行更高级的表达和纠错。
语法就是在学术提高期里帮助你提高语言使用的准确性和规范性的工具,同时帮助你更好地理解复杂句子结构的工具。很多人在初期被复杂的语法规则压得喘不过气来,实际上,不需要一开始就精通所有的语法规则。语言的学习是一个循序渐进的过程,先从简单的时态、句子结构开始,逐步再去学习更复杂的语法现象。
另外,语言是一种使用工具,而非知识考核。如果在交流时你过分拘泥于语法正确性,反而可能会妨碍你自然流利地表达。建议你在学习语法的同时,多听、多说,多通过语境来理解语法的使用,而不是仅仅背诵规则。
所以,可以从一些简单的句子结构开始,比如:主语 + 谓语 + 宾语I love you.),然后慢慢加入一些修饰成分,比如定语和状语。通过多看、多听英语句子的实际使用,逐步加深对语法的理解。
可以尝试将一些日常的场景或对话进行简单的英语描述并结合一些基础的语法书籍帮助你理解常见语法点如《剑桥初级英语语法》Essential English Grammar in use。书中的例句通常比较简单易懂同时也会提供一些练习题帮助你加深理解。
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以上几点是我结合自己的实际经验,对你的来信的一些建议。须知纸上得来终觉浅,绝知此事要躬行。英语学习的理论只是起点,找到适合自己的学习方法才最重要。我建议你多多尝试,找到最适合自己的学习路径。
祝你英语学习顺利,取得进步。
![あるじは今日も解読中 - inika](/images/2024/10/2024101621055400.jpg)

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@ -10,7 +10,5 @@ export const partialRender = async (
component: AstroComponentFactory, component: AstroComponentFactory,
options?: ContainerRenderOptions, options?: ContainerRenderOptions,
): Promise<string> => { ): Promise<string> => {
const html = await container.renderToString(component, options); return await container.renderToString(component, { ...options, partial: true });
// Remove this doctype by default.
return html.startsWith('<!DOCTYPE html>') ? html.slice(15) : html;
}; };