201 lines
6.7 KiB
Markdown
201 lines
6.7 KiB
Markdown
---
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title: 如何更好地创建对象
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tags:
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- Java
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categories: 学习
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permalink: the-better-way-to-make-objects
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featureImage: https://cat.yufan.me/cats/ame/ruby-code-snippet.jpg
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date: 2015-03-19 01:03:00
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---
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写Java一类的面相对象语言的程序员常常会遇到这么一个冷笑话:我今年都30了,还没找到对象,怎么办?简单啊,new 一个对象就好。
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当然这只是一个冷笑话,所谓的 new 一个对象,无非不就是调用这个类的构造方法去创建对象。乍一看也没什么问题,写个类ABC,用的时候new ABC()就好了。那么,会想一下,我们读书的时候,老师一定会说一个类的构造方法可以允许传入参数,甚至根据传入参数的不同创建多个构造方法。
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<!-- more -->
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学过面向对象的你一定会说,没错啊,就是这样,方法重载,签名校验。都是一个方法,Perfect!那么,我们设想下面这么一种情况:
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假如我们有一个DTO类 CredentialsAuthParam 作为对外接口的传入参数,作为一个POJO类,我们一般就是定义一堆属性,然后一堆Getter、Setter,比如,我们可以这么定义:
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```java
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package me.yufan.dto;
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import org.apache.commons.lang3.builder.ToStringBuilder;
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import org.apache.commons.lang3.builder.ToStringStyle;
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import java.io.Serializable;
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public class CredentialsAuthParam implements Serializable {
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private static final long serialVersionUID = -1L;
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private String source;
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private String validationCode;
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private String operator;
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private String remark;
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public CredentialsAuthParam() {
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}
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public String getValidationCode() {
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return validationCode;
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}
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public void setValidationCode(String validationCode) {
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this.validationCode = validationCode;
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}
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public String getOperator() {
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return operator;
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}
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public void setOperator(String operator) {
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this.operator = operator;
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}
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public String getRemark() {
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return remark;
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}
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public void setRemark(String remark) {
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this.remark = remark;
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}
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public String getSource() {
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return source;
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}
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public void setSource(String source) {
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this.source = source;
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}
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@Override
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public String toString() {
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return ToStringBuilder.reflectionToString(this,
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ToStringStyle.SHORT_PREFIX_STYLE);
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}
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}
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```
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看着很棒,多么简单,用 CredentialsAuthParam 的时候 new 一下,作为传入参数调用接口的方法就好。
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那么,如果我的对象要设置属性怎么办?一个个Setter?为何不能在创建对象时创建呢?比如,构造方法里面指定参数?没错,然后我们就有了下面的一堆构造方法。
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```java
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public CredentialsAuthParam(String source, String validationCode) {
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this.source = source;
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this.validationCode = validationCode;
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}
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public CredentialsAuthParam(String source, String validationCod, String operator) {
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this.source = source;
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this.validationCode = validationCode;
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this.operator = operator;
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}
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public CredentialsAuthParam(String source, String validationCod,
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String operator, String remark) {
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this.source = source;
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this.validationCode = validationCode;
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this.operator = operator;
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this.remark = remark;
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}
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```
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那么问题来了,参数这么多,又都是String,创建一个对象多麻烦。又比如,我只想指定其中3个属性,又都是String,但现在已经有了一个为3个String 参数的构造方法。怎么办?
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Java对方法重载的判断是按照签名的类型进行校验。所以方法参数顺序需要开发在使用时自己指定,也许我方法参数是:String source, String validationCode。但结果我因为复制粘贴不仔细变成了this.source = validationCode; this.validationCode = source;(别笑,你忙着写垃圾代码的时候就会出错) 或者构造方法使用者弄混了两个参数的顺序。那么就会出事啦。
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其实如果你看过Java圣经Effective Java的话,一定会注意到里面说过构造器(Builder),多个参数的构造方法一定要考虑使用构造器。比如,我们可以这么写:
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```java
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package me.yufan.dto;
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public class CredentialsAuthParamBuilder {
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private String source = "";
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private String validationCode;
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private String operator = "";
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private String remark = "";
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public CredentialsAuthParamBuilder setSource(String source) {
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this.source = source;
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return this;
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}
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public CredentialsAuthParamBuilder setValidationCode(String validationCode) {
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this.validationCode = validationCode;
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return this;
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}
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public CredentialsAuthParamBuilder setOperator(String operator) {
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this.operator = operator;
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return this;
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}
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public CredentialsAuthParamBuilder setRemark(String remark) {
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this.remark = remark;
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return this;
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}
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public CredentialsAuthParam createCredentialsAuthParam() {
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return new CredentialsAuthParam(source, validationCode, operator, remark);
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}
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}
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```
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然后将原来类的构造方法定义为Protected,然后创建对象的时候只需要:
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```java
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new CredentialsRequestParamBuilder()
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.setRemark("remark")
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.createCredentialsRequestParam();
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```
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按照需求,设置几个属性就加几个 set 方法。
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接下来,我们说说单例模式:
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单例(Singleton),顾名思义,就是只被实例化一次的类。比如,我在MVC的拦截器中需要调用一个公共类,它里面存放的东西是大家共享的,我可以这么写:
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```java
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public class AuthorityInterceptorHelper {
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private static AuthorityInterceptorHelper instance;
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private AuthorityInterceptorHelper() {
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}
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public static AuthorityInterceptorHelper getInstance() {
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if (instance == null) {
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synchronized (AuthorityInterceptorHelper.class) {
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if (instance == null) {
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instance = new AuthorityInterceptorHelper();
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}
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}
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}
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return instance;
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}
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// other code ...
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}
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```
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我首先要在内部定义一个自身的静态对象,然后将构造方法私有,getInstance()会先去看静态对象存在否,不存在,先加锁,也许加锁期间其他方法先调用此方法创建对象,再看看对象是否存在,不存在,创建对象解锁。
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看起来没什么问题,代码严密,十分规范,大家都是这么写的。但是,单例了么?定义为私有的方法一定没法访问了么?反射呢?
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其实枚举类便可以轻松实现需求,我们只需如下写法:
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```java
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public enum AuthorityInterceptorHelper {
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INSTANCE;
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// other function ...
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}
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```
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